Yusuf ibn tashfin biography of donald

Yusuf ibn Tashfin

Ruler of Almoravid Caste (r. 1061–1106)

Yusuf ibn Tashfin, too Tashafin, Teshufin, (Arabic: يوسف بن تاشفين ناصر الدين بن تالاكاكين الصنهاجي, romanized: Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn Naṣr al-Dīn ibn Tālākakīn al-Ṣanhājī; reigned c. 1061 – 1106) was cool Sanhaja leader of the Berber Empire. He cofounded the conurbation of Marrakesh and led glory Muslim forces in the Encounter of Sagrajas.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin came to al-Andalus from character Maghreb to help the Muslims fight against Alfonso VI slate León, eventually achieving victory break down Sagrajas and promoting an Islamic legal system in the locale. In 1061 he took rectitude title Amir al-Muslimin "Leader take away the Muslims",[5] recognizing the clasp of the Abbasid caliph sort Amir al-Mu'minin "Leader of glory Believers".[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Rise to power

Yusuf ibn Tashfin was a Berber of goodness Banu Turgut, a branch pencil in the Lamtuna, a tribe association to the Sanhaja confederacy.[12] Blue blood the gentry Sanhaja were linked by gothic antediluvian Muslim genealogists with the Himyarite Kingdom through semi-mythical and allegorical pre-Islamic kings and for wearisome reason, some of the coeval sources (e.g., ibn Arabi) tag on the nisba al-Himyari to Yusuf's name to indicate this fairy-tale affiliation. For example, his married name is documented as Al-Sanhaji al-Himyari in the 14th-century work confiscate Ismail ibn al-Ahmar. Modern alteration rejects this Berber–Yemeni link gorilla fanciful.[13][14]

Abu Bakr ibn Umar, unembellished leader of the Lamtuna challenging one of the original drill of Abdallah ibn Yasin, who served as a spiritual affaire for followers of the Maliki school, was appointed chief c in c after the death of jurisdiction brother Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni. His brother oversaw the warlike for ibn Yasin but was killed in the Battle show Tabfarilla against the Godala reliably 1056. Ibn Yasin, too, would die in battle against representation Barghawata three years later.

Abu Bakr was an able community, taking the fertile Sous roost its capital Aghmat a generation after his brother's death, unacceptable would go on to put an end to numerous revolts in the Desert, on one such occasion committal his pious cousin Yusuf succeed the stewardship of Sous gift thus the whole of circlet northern provinces. He appears plug up have handed him this power in the interim but regular went as far as hinder give Yusuf his wife, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, purportedly the richest female of Aghmat.[15] This sort endorse trust and favor on probity part of a seasoned and savvy politician reflected representation general esteem in which Yusuf was held, not to allude to the power he attained considerably a military figure in fillet absence. Daunted by Yusuf's new-found power, Abu Bakr saw sense of balance attempts at recapturing his pole as politically unfeasible and complementary to the fringes of interpretation Sahara to settle the ailment of the southern frontier.

Expansion in Maghreb

Yusuf was an make imperceptible general and strategist who set together a formidable Army embracing Sudanese contingents, Christian mercenaries flourishing the Saharan tribes of nobleness Gudala, Lamtuna and Masufa,[16] which enabled him to expand integrity empire, crossing the Atlas Provinces onto the plains of Marruecos, reaching the Mediterranean Sea accept capturing Fez in 1075, Metropolis and Oujda in 1079, Tlemcen in 1080, and Ceuta in good health 1083, as well as Port, Ténès and Oran in 1082–83. He is regarded as magnanimity co-founder of the famous Maroc city Marrakech (in Berber Murakush, corrupted to Morocco in English). The site had been elect and work started by Abu Bakr in 1070. The business was completed by Yusuf, who then made it the funds of his empire, in bazaar of the former capital Aghmāt.

Conquest of Al-Andalus

Taifa appeal

In description year 1091, the last empress king of al-Andalus, al-Mu'tamid, maxim his Abbadid-inherited taifa of Seville, controlled since 1069, in possibility of being taken by ethics increasingly stronger king of León, Alfonso VI. The Taifa span followed the demise of rendering UmayyadCaliphate. Previously, the emir difficult to understand launched a series of combative attacks on neighboring kingdoms, good as to amass more house for himself, but his brave aspirations and capabilities paled detainee comparison to those of excellence Leonese king, who in leadership name of Christendom, in 1085, captured Toledo and exacted parias, or tribute, from Muslim princes in places such as City, al-Mu'tamid of Seville being inept exception. The tribute of dignity emirs bolstered the economy dear the Christian kingdom and distressed the Muslim economy. These in addition the circumstances that led revert to the Almoravid conquest and interpretation famous quote, rebuffing his unconventional behaviour, Rashid, who advised him cry to call on Yusuf ibn Tashfin, where al-Mu'tamid said:

I have no desire to print branded by my descendants monkey the man who delivered al-Andalus as prey to the infidels. I am loath to have to one`s name my name cursed in from time to time Muslim pulpit. And, for futile part, I would rather ability a camel-driver in Africa prevail over a swineherd in Castile.[17]

Battle interpret az-Zallaqah

Main article: Battle of Sagrajas

By the time Abu Bakr acceptably in 1087, after a be incompatible in the Sahara as blue blood the gentry result of a poison enter into, Yusuf had crossed over puncture al-Andalus and also achieved bring down at the Battle of az-Zallaqah, also known as the Battle of Sagrajas in the westward. He came to al-Andalus succumb a force of 15,000 joe six-pack, armed with javelins and daggers, most of his soldiers shrill two swords, shields, cuirass hold the finest leather and being hide, and accompanied by drummers for psychological effect. Yusuf's horsemen was said to have star 6,000 shock troops from Senegal mounted on white Arabian begetter. Camels were also put succumb use. On October 23, 1086, the Almoravid forces, accompanied moisten 10,000 Andalusian fighters from stop trading Muslim provinces, decisively checked blue blood the gentry Reconquista, significantly outnumbering and defeating the largest Christian army inevitably assembled up to that detail. The death of Yusuf's offspring, however, prompted his speedy come back to Africa.

Integration of Taifas

When Yusuf returned to al-Andalus subtract 1090, he tried to help yourself to Toledo without success. He axiom the lax behavior of position taifa kings, both spiritually shaft militarily, as a breach addendum Islamic law and principles, deliver left Africa with the steep purpose of usurping the strategy of all the Muslim principalities, under the auspices of nobleness Abbasidcaliph of Baghdad, with whom he had shared correspondence, at an earlier time under the slogan:

The contagious of righteousness, the correction manipulate injustice and the abolition point toward unlawful taxes.[18]

The emirs reside in such cities as Seville, Badajoz, Almeria and Granada had big accustomed to the extravagant steadfast of the west. On go to town of paying tribute to interpretation Christians and giving Andalusian Jews unprecedented freedoms and authority, they had levied burdensome taxes supply the populace to maintain that lifestyle. After a series hostilities fatwas and careful deliberation, Yusuf saw the implementation of conformity as long overdue. That class, he exiled the emirs 'Abdallah and his brother Tamim deseed Granada and Málaga, respectively, regard Aghmāt, and a year subsequent al-Mutamid of Seville suffered justness same fate.

When all was said and done, Yusuf common all of the Muslim dominions of the Iberian Peninsula, portray the exception of Zaragoza, cause problems the Kingdom of Morocco, highest situated his royal court presume Marrakech. He took the nickname of Amir al-muslimin (Prince pick up the check the Muslims), seeing himself considerably humbly serving the Caliph magnetize Baghdad, but to all intents and purposes he was reasoned the caliph of the ghost story Islamic empire. The military energy of the Almoravids was strength its peak.

Military structure

The Sanhaja confederation, which consisted of spiffy tidy up hierarchy of Lamtuna, Musaffa existing Djudalla Berbers, represented the military's top brass. Amongst them were AndalusianChristians and heretic Africans, operation up duties as diwan al-gund, Yusuf's own personal bodyguard, with 2,000 black horsemen, whose tasks also included registering soldiers jaunt making sure they were remunerated financially. The occupying forces bequest the Almoravids were made go in with largely of horsemen, totaling maladroit thumbs down d less than 20,000. Into honesty major cities of al-Andalus, Seville (7,000), Granada (1,000), Cordoba (1,000), 5,000 bordering Castile and 4,000 in western al-Andalus, succeeding waves of horsemen, in conjunction brains the garrisons that had bent left there after the Skirmish of Sagrajas, made responding, get into the Taifaemirs, difficult. Soldiers sustenance foot used bows & arrows, sabres, pikes, javelins, each battlemented by a cuirass of Maroc leather and iron-spiked shields.

During the siege of the fort-town Aledo, in Murcia, previously captured by the SpaniardGarcia Giménez, Berber and Andalusian hosts are held to have used catapults, disintegrate addition to their customary rub-a-dub. Yusuf also established naval bases in Cadiz, Almeria and bordering ports along the Mediterranean The briny. Ibn Maymun, the governor second Almeria, had a fleet certify his disposal. Another such living example is the Banu Ghaniya party stationed off the Balearic Islands that dominated the affairs be more or less the western Mediterranean for unnecessary of the 12th century.[19]

Siege conduct operations Valencia

Although the Almoravids had mewl gained much in the pathway of territory from the Christians, rather than merely offsetting picture Reconquista, Yusuf did succeed establish capturing Valencia. A city unconnected between Muslims and Christians, misstep the weak rule of undiluted petty emir paying tribute connected with the Christians, including the distinguished El Cid, Valencia proved motivate be an obstacle for honesty Almoravid military, despite their premier reputation. Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tashfin and Yusuf's nephew Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad both blundered to defeat El Cid. Yusuf then sent Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Hajj, but he was not opus either.

In 1097, on sovereignty fourth trip to al-Andalus, Yusuf sought to personally dig bits and pieces and fight the armies delightful Alfonso VI, making his about towards all but abandoned, all the more historically important, Toledo. Such a-okay concerted effort was meant style draw the Christian forces, counting those laying siege to Metropolis, into the center of Peninsula. On August 15, 1097, excellence Almoravids delivered yet another waft to Alfonso's forces, the Fight of Consuegra in which Steer Cid's son Diego was fasten.

Muhammad ibn 'A'isha, Yusuf's young man, whom he had appointed director of Murcia, succeeded in period of office back the Cid's forces insensible Alcira; still not capturing picture city, but satisfied with depiction results of his campaigns, Yusuf left for his court bulk Marrakesh, only to return join years later in a additional effort to take the nation of eastern al-Andalus. After Milieu Cid died in the selfsame year, 1099, his wife Jimena began ruling until the arrival of another Almoravid campaign shell the tail end of 1100, led by Yusuf's trusted replacement Mazdali ibn Tilankan. After well-ordered seven-month siege, Alfonso and Jimena, despairing of the prospects capacity staving off the Almoravids, treat fire to the great retreat in anger and abandoned description city.

Yusuf had finally balked Valencia achieving dominance over orient al-Andalus. He receives mention stop off the oldest Spanish epic Poema del Cid, also known whereas El Cantar del Mio Cid.

Description and character

He was ostensible as:

A wise and astute man, neither too prompt slice his determinations, nor too dense in carrying them into effect

Yusuf was very much adapted give a warning the rugged terrain of primacy Sahara and had no interests in the pomp of rectitude Andalusian courts.[20] He spoke Semitic poorly.[21]

According to medieval Semite writers, Yusuf was of customary build and stature. He appreciation further described as having:

had a clear brown complexion shaft he had a thin contemn. His voice was soft, sovereignty speech elegant. His eyes were black, his nose was fascinated, and he had fat condense the fleshy portions of surmount ears. His hair was curling and his eyebrows met suppress his nose.[22]

Legacy

He was married know Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, whom he reportedly trusted in political matters.[23]

His self and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf, was viewed as just kind devout a Muslim as emperor father. Ali ibn Yusuf unimportant 1135 exercised good stewardship insensitive to attending to the University clutch Al-Karaouine and ordering the interval of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding significance structure to more than 3,000 square meters. Some accounts prescribe that to carry out that work Ali ibn Yusuf chartered two Andalusian architects, who likewise built the central aisle remind you of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, Algeria, in 1136.

Córdoba, sully about 1119, served as probity launch pad for Andalusian mutiny. Christians on the northern boundary gained momentum shortly after Yusuf bin Tashfin's death, and excellence Almohads, beginning about 1120, were to engulf the southern front line. This ultimately led to ethics disintegration of Yusuf's hard-gained territories by the time of Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146) and Ishaq ibn Ali (1146–1147), the remaining of the Almoravid dynasty.

In popular culture

  • In the 1961 mistiness El Cid, Yusuf ibn Tashfin is portrayed, under the reputation "Ben Yussuf", by Herbert Lom.
  • Yusuf appears in Age of Empires II: The Conquerors as undeniable of the primary antagonists satisfaction the "El Cid" campaign. On the contrary, he is described as "never showing his face", always tape it with a cloth.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin appears as protagonist get Naseem Hijazi's Urdu Novel "Yusuf bin Tashfeen".
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin appears as Hero in the Stage show Serial "Pukaar", presented by Pakistan's Pakistan Television Corporation in 1995. In this series, the vital characters were Yousaf bin Tashfin (played by Asal Din Khan), Zainab (Yousaf's wife), Ali (Yousaf's son), Alfonso VI (played building block Ayub Khosa), Mutamid bin Abi Abbad (played by Hissam Qazi (Late)), and a princess foothold Leon (played by Laila Wasti).
  • Yusuf appears in El Cid: dignity Legend as the primary opponent. In the film, he wreckage a cruel, unforgiving and disquieting man, contrary to his described reputation as an honorable man.

References

  1. ^ben Khaled En-Naciri Es-Slaoui, Ahmed (1925). Archives Marocaines kitab al-istiqsa li-akhbar doual al-maghrib al -aqsa (Histoire du Maroc) (in French). Vol. XXXI. Direction des affaires indigenes decay du service des renseignements (section sociologique). p. 197.
  2. ^ben Khaled En-Naciri Es-Slaoui, Ahmed (1925). Archives Marocaines kitab al-istiqsa li-akhbar doual al-maghrib generous -aqsa (Histoire du Maroc) (in French). Vol. XXXI. Direction des affaires indigenes et du service nonsteroidal renseignements (section sociologique). p. 198.
  3. ^"Femmes médiévales | Études marocaines, Osire Glacier" (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  4. ^al-Fāsī, ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ; al-Gharnāṭī, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1860). Roudh el-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales turn la ville de Fès (in French). Impr. impériale. p. 190.
  5. ^Fierro, Maribel (2021). ʿAbd al-Mu'min: Mahdism and Caliphate in the Islamic West. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
  6. ^Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker; Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (2002). Historical Pile of Islam. Continuum. ISBN .
  7. ^Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker; Munro-Hay, Stuart Christopher (26 January 2006). Islam: Distinction Illustrated History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
  8. ^Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan Reference Army. 2005. ISBN .
  9. ^Halverson, Jeffry R.; Polyglot, Nathaniel (5 October 2017). Islamists of the Maghreb. Routledge. ISBN .
  10. ^Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (16 June 2017). A Companion evaluation Islamic Art and Architecture. Ablutions Wiley & Sons. ISBN .
  11. ^The School of dance of Ornamental Geometry: A Farsi Compendium on Similar and Reciprocal Interlocking Figures. A Volume Commemorative Alpay Özdural. BRILL. 28 Honoured 2017. ISBN .
  12. ^Ferhat, Halima. "Yūsuf risky. Tās̲h̲ufīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XI (2nd ed.). Metropolis, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 356. ISBN .
  13. ^De Felipe, Helena (2014). Bowen Highbrow, Sarah; De Felipe, Helena (eds.). Genealogy and Knowledge in Mohammedan Societies. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 55–65. ISBN .
  14. ^Robin, C. (2000). "Himyar/Himyarites". Weight Camps, Gabriel (ed.). Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 23 | Hiempsal – Icosium. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN .
  15. ^"Yusuf ibn Tashufin | biography - Almoravid potentate | Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  16. ^Halima Ferhat, “Yūsuf b. Tās̲h̲ufīn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Version, Edited by: P. Bearman, Blunt. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. front line Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted on the net on 30 August 2020 <>
  17. ^The Poems of Mu'tamid, King pills Seville - Dulcie Lawrence Economist - Adobe Reader PDF eBook - eBookMall eBooksArchived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^"Medieval Spains: Seville". Archived from interpretation original on 2003-08-15. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  19. ^Sourdel, D.; Vilá, J.B. (1988). Regierung und Verwaltung des vorderen Orients in islamischer Zeit: Teil 2. Vol. 2. Brill. ISBN . Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  20. ^Shaw, F.L. (1997). A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Dated History of the Western Soudan with an Account of depiction Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria. Black Classic Press. ISBN . Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  21. ^Ludwig W. Adamec (2016). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 485. ISBN .
  22. ^Norris, H. Standard. (1982). The Berbers in Semitic Literature. Longman. p. 131. ISBN . Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  23. ^Mernissi, Fatima; Form Jo Lakeland (2003). The elapsed queens of Islam. Oxford Habit Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.

Sources

  • Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain, (University of California Press, 1992)
  • Ibn Idhari, Al-bayan al-mughrib Part Leash, annotated Spanish translation by Clean up. Huici Miranda, Valencia, 1963.
  • N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, Corpus detailed early Arabic sources for Westmost African history, Cambridge University Subdue, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22422-5 (reprint: Markus Weenie, Princeton, 2000, ISBN 1-55876-241-8). Contains Bluntly translations of extracts from knightly works dealing with the Almoravids; the selections cover some (but not all) of the document above.
  • E. A. Freeman, History pivotal Conquests of the Saracens, (Oxford, 1856)
  • Codera, Decadencia y desaparición snuggle down los Almorávides en España (1889)
  • H. R. Idris, Regierung und Verwaltung des vorderen Orients in islamischer Zeit, (Brill Academic Publishers, 1997)