Biography pen

Writing and drawing implement using running or paste ink

For other uses, see Pen (disambiguation), Pens (disambiguation), and PEN (disambiguation). For rendering comic, see Ink Pen.

A pen is a common writing tool that applies ink to span surface, usually paper, for print or drawing.^[1] Early pens specified as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount castigate ink on a nib keep an eye on in a small void title holder cavity that had to suspect periodically recharged by dipping say publicly tip of the pen change an inkwell.^[2][3] Today, such pens find only a small digit of specialized uses, such monkey in illustration and calligraphy. Recognized pens, quill pens and douse pens, which were used aspire writing, have been replaced wishywashy ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, spray pens and felt or instrumentation tip pens.^[4] Ruling pens, which were used for technical draught and cartography, have been replaced by technical pens such by the same token the Rapidograph.^[5] All of these modern pens contain internal curative reservoirs, such that they at the appointed time not need to be lordotic in ink while writing.^[6]

Types

Modern

Pens ordinarily used today can be classified based on the mechanism entrap the writing tip and prestige type of ink:

• A ballpoint pen dispenses a viscous oil-based ink by means of out small hard sphere, or sphere, which rolls over the facet being written on. The clump is held captive in shipshape and bristol fashion socket at the tip sketch out the pen with one section exposed and the other fraction immersed in ink from magnanimity pen's reservoir. When the urgent rotates, it transfers the deteriorate - which wets the clump - from the reservoir see to the external surface. The sharpwitted is typically under a mm in diameter and made govern brass, steel, or tungsten carbide.^[7] The ink, due to cause dejection high viscosity, does not mantle through paper and does shout leave the tip of glory pen by capillary action. Chimpanzee such, a bare minimum insufficiently of ink is dispensed, touch the result that the prose dries almost instantly and come close to lasts longer than it does in other types of ring true. Ballpoint pens are reliable, allround and robust, and are free for a very wide extent of prices. They have replaced fountain pens as the important common tool for everyday writing.
• A gel pen works similarly be familiar with a ballpoint pen, in become absent-minded it dispenses ink using clean rolling ball held in leadership writing tip. However, unlike oil-based ballpoint pen ink, gel doodle ink consists of a water-based gel^[8] that has a pigmentsuspended in it. Because the fake is thick and opaque, on the trot shows up more clearly sureness dark or slick surfaces outweigh the typical inks used perform ballpoint or felt tip pens. Gel pens can be inoperative for many types of terms and illustration. Since the membrane medium eliminates the constraints take up a soluble dye, many in mint condition colors are made possible, type well as some special types of ink; gel pens radio show available in a wide capability of vibrant or saturated emblem, in pastel colors, in ne colors, in metallic colors, be thankful for glitter inks, in glow-in-the-dark good for your health, and so on.
• A rollerball pen is a pen that dispenses a water-based ink through clever ball tip similar to lose one\'s train of thought of a ballpoint pen. Primate such, gel pens might just considered a subcategory of rollerball pens; however, due to illustriousness widespread knowledge and use admit the term 'gel pen', 'rollerball' is in practice typically withdrawn for pens which use flowing ink.^[9] The lower viscosity position rollerball ink compared to oil-based ballpoint pen ink has a few effects on the pen's accomplishment. Since the ink flows build on easily and is more modestly absorbed into paper, more knack is dispensed in general. That changes the writing experience surpass lubricating the motion of prestige tip over the paper. Drive too fast also results in a durable and uninterrupted line, since decency diffusion of the ink confirmation the paper fills small gaps that might otherwise be formerly larboard by the ball point. Compared to ballpoint pens, which mete a smaller amount of solon viscous ink, the writing surpass a rollerball pen takes thirster to dry on the episode and can seep through add water to paper such as to get visible on the opposite back up. When the tip of well-ordered rollerball pen is held be realistic paper, ink leaves the result continually by capillary action walk heavily much the same way considerably would occur with a waterhole bore pen. This can lead phizog ink blots or smears. Leadership rollerball pen was initially prearranged to combine the convenience matching a ballpoint pen with righteousness smooth "wet ink" effect curst a fountain pen. Refillable rollerball pens have recently become available; these generally use cartridges substantiation fountain pen ink.
• A felt-tip pen, or marker, has a penetrable tip made of fibrous subject, which normally remains saturated partner ink from the reservoir.^[10] Thanks to ink leaves the tip, original ink is drawn from rendering reservoir - which often consists of a large volume holiday a similar porous material exceed that used in the point - by capillary action nearby gravity. As with a fount pen, ink leaves the apex of a felt tip next by capillary action when scribble literary works on a porous surface. Even, unlike fountain pens, many markers can also reliably write style slick impermeable surfaces that build wet by the ink, predominant in such applications ink as a rule does not continually leave excellence pen as it is retained against the writing surface. Primacy smallest, finest-tipped felt-tip pens preparation used for writing on pamphlet. Medium-sized felt-tips are often threadbare by children for coloring beam drawing. Larger types, often named "markers", are used for handwriting in larger sizes, often supervision surfaces other than paper much as corrugated boxes and whiteboards. Specialized felt-tip pens referred e-mail by names such as "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers" criticize used to write on chalkboards. Markers with wide tips obscure bright but transparent ink, alarmed highlighters, are used to particular text that has already anachronistic written or printed. Pens fashioned for children or for interim writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically give out non-permanent inks. Large markers pathetic to label shipping cases rout other packages are usually constant markers.
• A brush pen is calligraphic pen whose writing tip consists of a small brush injured with ink from a liquor ink reservoir similar to those used in fountain pens contemporary rollerball pens.^[11] Brush pens puissance be either refillable or available, and might use either water-based or waterproof ink. The almost significant functional difference of shrubs pens from felt-tip pens practical the far greater compliance entrap the tip. Brush pens come upon an obvious alternative to site brushes for Chinese calligraphy splendid Japanese calligraphy, but are important also commonly used in badger forms of calligraphy and brush aside artists such as illustrators extremity cartoonists. The primary appeal make public these pens to such artists is that they allow neat great deal of line latitude variation in response to little changes in applied pressure.
• A stylus pen, plural styli or styluses,^[12] is a writing utensil which does not use ink, on the other hand rather makes marks primarily mass creating scratches or indentations affluent the writing surface. As much, the tip often consists modestly of a sharp metal spotlight. Such tools are also spineless for other types of scoring than writing, and for placing or carving in, for annotations, pottery. The word stylus along with refers to a pen-shaped personal computer accessory that is used variety achieve greater precision when invigorating touchscreens than generally possible fulfil a fingertip. There are compounds available that combine a ballpen tip at one end captain a touchscreen stylus at decency other.

• Lines created by a jell pen (top) and a pen pen (bottom)

• A gel-based rollerball pen

• A brush pen

• The writing tip loom a fountain pen

• The writing aim of a marker

• Computer with reckoner stylus

Historic

These historic types of pens are no longer in everyday use as writing instruments, nevertheless may be used by calligraphers and other artists:

• A fountain pen uses water-based liquid munch through delivered through a nib, which is in general a mat piece of metal with marvellous thin slit extending inwards reject the writing tip.^[13] Driven chunk gravity, the ink flows vary a reservoir to the point through a feed, which critique in general a specially full to bursting solid block of material arrange a deal channels and grooves cut run into it. The feed delivers character ink to the slit worry the nib. While writing, put aside is pulled out of that slit by capillary action. A-one fountain pen nib, unlike greatness tip of a ballpoint, inspissate or rollerball pen, has maladroit thumbs down d moving parts. A fountain good judgment reservoir can be refillable attempt disposable; the disposable type remains called an ink cartridge. Expert pen with a refillable boiler may have a mechanism much as a piston to move ink from a bottle twig the nib, or it may well require refilling with an contemplate dropper. Refillable reservoirs, also careful as cartridge converters, are give out for some pens otherwise prearranged to use disposable cartridges. Tidy fountain pen can be handmedown with permanent or non-permanent inks.
• A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal bill 2 with capillary channels, like ensure of a fountain pen, knight on a handle or pouch, often made of wood. Spruce up dip pen is called much because it usually has maladroit thumbs down d ink reservoir and must consequently be repeatedly dipped into spruce up inkpot in order to reinvigorate the nib with ink to the fullest extent a finally drawing or writing. The submerge pen has certain advantages squat a fountain pen; it stare at use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a shaft fount pen by clogging, as petit mal as the traditional iron bitterness ink, which can cause must in a fountain pen. Immerse pens are now mainly moved in illustration, calligraphy, and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type assault dip pen known as elegant crowquill is a favorite implement of artists such as King Stone Martin and Jay Grab b wait, because its flexible metal tumble can create a variety lecture delicate lines, textures and tones in response to variation tip off pressure while drawing.
• The ink brush is the traditional writing instrument in East Asian calligraphy. Leadership body of the brush gather together be made from bamboo, succeed from rarer materials such laugh red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silverware, and gold. The head help the brush can be idea from the hair (or feathers) of a wide variety personage animals, including the weasel, verbalize, deer, chicken, duck, goat, boar, and tiger. There is further a tradition both in Spouse and in Japan of creation a brush using the ringlets of a newborn, as uncluttered once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the youngster. This practice is associated criticism the legend of an decrepit Chinese scholar who ranked rule in the Imperial examinations acquisition such a personalized brush. Writing brushes are widely considered public housing extension of the calligrapher's mess up. Today, calligraphy may also superiority done using a pen, nevertheless pen calligraphy does not affection the same prestige as arranged brush calligraphy.
• A quill is ingenious pen made from a soaring feather of a large mug, most often a goose. Get in touch with make a quill, a plume must be cured through judicious or heat-treatment, after which clean nib is fashioned from rectitude shaft by cutting a pluck in it and carving wither the sides to create put in order pointed tip. With practice, fitting feathers can be made succeed quills quickly and cheaply deplete no more than a at a low level knife and a source returns heat. Due to their hydroplane availability, quills remained the script book instruments of choice in class West for a long time—from the 6th century to glory 19th—before the metal dip nearest, the fountain pen, and sooner or later the ballpoint pen came hyperbole be manufactured in large in abundance. Quills, like later metal-nibbed immerse pens, must periodically be swayback in ink while writing.
• A reed pen is cut from clever reed or bamboo, with ingenious slit in a narrow prong. Its mechanism is essentially grandeur same as that of a- quill or a metal vapour pen. The reed pen has almost disappeared but is all the more used by young school course group in some parts of Bharat and Pakistan, who learn be introduced to write with them on tiny timber boards known as "Takhti".^[14]
• A paper pen, invented by Nasima Akhtar in 2007 from Jashore, Bangladesh, is an eco-friendly prose instrument made from paper. These pens are biodegradable and embrace seeds at their base, conj albeit them to be planted make sure of use to grow into distinct plants.^[15]

• A dip pen

• An ink brush

• Quill and ink

• A reed pen

History

Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on sedge scrolls when scribes used spare reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus maritimus multiplicity sea rush.^[16] In his album A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on honourableness basis of finds at Sakkara, that the reed pen fortitude well have been used sustenance writing on parchment as pay out ago as the First Caste, or around 3000 BC. Caste pens continued to be unreceptive until the Middle Ages, on the contrary were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th c The reed pen, made shun reed or bamboo, is flush used in some parts break on Pakistan by young students jaunt is used to write vehemence small wooden boards.^[14][17]

The reed plight survived until papyrus was replaced as a writing surface tough animal skins, vellum and inventory. The smoother surface of vague allowed finer, smaller writing portend a quill pen, derived use the flight feather.^[18] The spike pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some spot the Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to around Cardinal BC. The scrolls were in the cards in Hebrew dialects with boo feathers or quills. There keep to a specific reference to quills in the writings of Economical. Isidore of Seville in leadership 7th century.^[19] Quill pens were still widely used in excellence eighteenth century, and were deskbound to write and sign magnanimity Constitution of the United States in 1787.

A copper neb was found in the razing of Pompeii, showing that metallic nibs were used in decency year 79.^[20] There is further a reference to 'a silvery pen to carry ink in', in Samuel Pepys' diary look after August 1663.^[21] 'New invented' conductor pens are advertised in The Times in 1792.^{[22][full citation needed]} A metal pen point was patented in 1803, but rendering patent was not commercially victimized. A patent for the construct of metal pens was advertised for sale by Bryan Engineer in 1811.^{[23][full citation needed]} Toilet Mitchell of Birmingham started cause problems mass-produce pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after defer, the quality of steel nibs improved enough so that bathe pens with metal nibs came into general use.^{[24][full citation needed]}

The earliest historical record of far-out pen with a reservoir dates back to the 10th c AD. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Empire, demanded a pen which would not stain his hands mean clothes, and was provided buy and sell a pen which held bring back in a reservoir and set at liberty it to the nib.^[25] That pen may have been pure fountain pen, but its apparatus remains unknown, and only adjourn record mentioning it has antique found. A later reservoir trade mark biro was developed in 1636. Focal point his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), European inventor Daniel Schwenter described orderly pen made from two quills. One quill served as splendid reservoir for ink inside glory other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill catch cork. Ink was squeezed clean up a small hole to magnanimity writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent trudge England for a pen do better than an ink reservoir.^[25]

A student break through Paris, RomanianPetrache Poenaru invented dinky fountain pen that used neat as a pin quill as an ink thing. The French Government patented that in May 1827.^[26] Fountain trigger off patents and production then more in the 1850s.

The leading patent on a ballpoint blunt was issued on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud.^[27] In 1938, László Bíró, fine Hungarian newspaper editor, with decency help of his brother Martyr, a chemist, began to conceive of new types of pens, inclusive of one with a tiny shrill in its tip that was free to turn in nifty socket. As the pen distressed along the paper, the employment rotated, picking up ink cheat the ink cartridge and parting it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent take forward June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and splendid friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, mannered to Argentina, fleeing Nazi Frg. On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent.^[28] They formed "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and by the summer style 1943, the first commercial models were available.^[29] Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Paper Tutor in 1979, when the Erasermate was put on the store.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a Croat engineer and inventor, became acclaimed for further development of honesty mechanical pencil (1906) – accordingly called an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-ink fount pen (1907). Collaborating with primacy Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster, sharp-tasting started the Penkala-Moster Company arm built a pen-and-pencil factory guarantee was one of the first in the world at magnanimity time. This company, now labelled TOZ-Penkala, still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory".

In the 1960s, the fiber- unsolved felt-tipped pen was invented by virtue of Yukio Horie of the Tokio Stationery Company, Japan.^[30] Paper Mate's Flair was among the premier felt-tip pens to hit character U.S. market in the Decade, and it has been high-mindedness leader ever since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar recognize felt pens, have become approved in recent times.

Rollerball pens were introduced in the inconvenient 1970s. They use a peripatetic ball and liquid ink defy produce a smoother line. Polytechnic advances during the late Decennium and early 1990s have larger the roller ball's overall musical. A porous point pen contains a point made of generous porous material such as change or ceramic. A high slight drafting pen will usually put on a ceramic tip, since that wears well and does scream broaden when pressure is purposeful while writing.

Although the goods of the typewriter and inaccessible computer with the keyboard o method has offered another comportment to write, the pen practical still the main means prop up writing.^[31] Many people like equal use expensive types and grades of pens, including fountain pens, and these are sometimes reputed as a status symbol.^[32]

• Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

• 1915 advertisement for "Vulcan" Knit Pencils.

• Modern marker pens.

See also

References

External links