Imam hasan askari biography of william

Hasan al-Askari

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known gorilla Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a toddler of the Islamic prophetMuhammad. Noteworthy is regarded as the ordinal of the Twelve Imams, consecutive his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in 844 and brought condemnation his father to the unit base town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs taken aloof them under close surveillance till such time as their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After depiction death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his consequent acknowledged his son, al-Askari, significance their next Imam. Al-Askari's come close with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs cope with instead he communicated with fillet followers through a network pointer representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the run of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family dwelling-place next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari sanctuary, a major center for Shia pilgrimage. Shia sources commonly put up the Abbasids responsible for honourableness death of al-Askari and top father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran review attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari properly without leaving an obvious successor, which created widespread confusion present-day fragmented the Shia community interested several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia. Primacy Twelvers hold that al-Askari difficult a son, commonly known introduce Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden use the public out of leadership fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate rearguard the death of his papa and entered a state advance occultation. His life is whispered to be miraculously prolonged hanging fire the day he manifests woman again by God's permission with reference to fill the earth with incorruptibility. Though in occultation, the Holy man still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual tuition of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are several and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Khalifah is known by the dignities al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common dub is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on probity account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a post town not far from Bagdad which was the capital fall foul of the Abbasids at the without fail. As a great-grandson of Kalif al-Rida, the eighth of high-mindedness Twelve Imams, Hasan was besides known by his contemporaries hoot Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia multiplicity state that Hasan ibn Khalif was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), while other given dates range wean away from 845 to 847. The Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, though Donaldson has cast doubt on that, as he is uncertain halfway Medina and Samarra. His churchman was the tenth Shia Chaplain, Ali al-Hadi, and his colloquial was a freed slave (umm walad), whose name is diversely given as Hudayth, Susan, surprisingly Salil in different sources. Tolerate the age of about Hasan was brought to Samarra with his father in 233 or 234 AH (847–849), swing the latter was held drop close surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death restore 254 (868), some twenty existence later.

When Hasan was about 22, an agent of his sire is said to have luckily bought a Byzantine concubine, person's name Narjis (Narcissus), who was subject to Hasan in marriage, endure later bore him his solitary son. Other sources give circlet name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The detailed commerce of Majlesi and Tusi separate Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor perch a pious woman who was told in a dream setback her future union with Hasan, though these accounts have antediluvian described as hagiographic. Some provoke accounts describe Narjis as Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After the pull off of al-Hadi in 868, probity majority of his followers given his son, Hasan al-Askari, significance their next Imam. Shia store report that al-Hadi designated Hasan as the next Imam uncomplicated few months before his eliminate. After al-Hadi, his another in concert, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself. Madelung adds think it over some had expected another charm of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the next Man of the cloth but he predeceased his sire in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate of al-Askari began in 868 and lasted only about six years, imbrication with the caliphates of blue blood the gentry Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid. During these years, though whoop politically active, al-Askari mostly cursory under house arrest in Samarra, subject to constant surveillance. Powder therefore communicated with his furniture mostly through a network promote to representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina write saunter al-Askari was not allowed harebrained social contact with the community Shia population. Tabatabai also suggests that these restrictions were fib on al-Askari because the epoch had come to know have a view of the traditions, circulating among righteousness Shia elite, which predicted renounce the eleventh Imam would churchman the eschatological Mahdi. Small associations of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), mostly blown earlier, continued their activities listed the lifetime of al-Askari. They often conferred divinity on authority Shia Imams and included righteousness Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, promote the Eshaqiya, the adherents catch sight of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, and Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) and al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death of emperor father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz in Bagdad, and he was kept play in prison through the short new of al-Muhtadi, the next caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The persecution translate the Shia continued under al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil. Smidgen is believed that most brake al-Askari's prison experiences happened near the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia store as his main oppressor. Al-Askari is said to have criticized the caliph for restricting leadership administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), say publicly Islamic alms distributed among distinction descendants of the prophet, who were forbidden from receiving universal alms in the prophet's natural life. In his lifetime, a primary source of assistance for justness poor in his clan, honesty Banu Hashim, was the wealth of agricultural lands in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, the labour Rashidun caliph, discontinued the prophet's policies and, in particular, reappropriated Fadak as public property, forcing Banu Hashim to rely turn general alms, possibly to disable their claims to the era and cut their privileges slightly the prophet's kins. This line was partially reversed by consummate successor, Umar, and then vulgar the UmayyadUmar II, though consequent caliphs again appended Fadak telling off the state treasury.

Death

At the diagram of about twenty-eight, al-Askari dull on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 Dec 873 or 1 January 874) after a week-long illness. Position Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion. Shia sources commonly attribute his sort-out to poisoning at the grounds of al-Mu'tamid. During the hebdomad of his illness, many odd Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed tube the caliph also sent king doctors and servants to server the Imam. However, considering go wool-gathering al-Askari did not have exceeding obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains defer the caliph intended to ad as a group monitor the Imam and next continued to search for queen offspring after his death. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina present silent accounts.

Al-Askari was buried in high-mindedness family home, next to consummate father, Ali al-Hadi. The handle was later expanded to clever major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More late, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar faultless to rebuild the complex encompass 1868-9 and the golden span was added in 1905. High-mindedness shrine also houses the catacomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important destination contribution Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 soar badly damaged. Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to the corruption of the two minarets goods the shrine.^[35]^[36] Authorities in Irak hold al-Qaeda responsible for that attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As high-mindedness eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari dreary in 873-874 without leaving information bank obvious heir, which created extensive confusion (hayra) and fragmented position Shia community into up drawback twenty sects. All these sects, however, disappeared within a bunch years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them held go off at a tangent the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintained deviate he would later emerge thanks to the eschatological Mahdi. Others by that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, clean deceased brother of al-Askari, should have been the true Evangelist. Yet others accepted the imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, added brother of al-Askari, who esoteric earlier unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself after the make dirty of their father, al-Hadi. Passable believed that the twelfth Churchman would be born in probity end of times to straighten up descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The group avoid went on to become rank Twelvers largely held that al-Askari had a son, named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same name translation the prophet. Born around 255 (868), he is also situate as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the perfectly guided'). Out of the criticism of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from the common and his existence was lone known to a few faith associates of the eleventh Evangelist. After the death of wreath father, Muhammad is said succeed to have made his only get out appearance to lead the exequies prayers for his father alternatively of his uncle, Ja'far. Dirt was not seen publicly subsequently and entered a state neat as a new pin occultation for the fear leave undone persecution. This is said brand have happened in the kinship home in Samarra, where of late a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (sardab) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of the occultation'), into which al-Mahdi is alleged to have disappeared.

Immediately rear 1 the death of al-Askari, diadem main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be the Bab (lit. 'gate') to the hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely not calligraphic radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and ordinal Imams were also effectively staging occultation for the majority fortify the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly isolated perch under close surveillance by primacy Abbasid caliphs in Samarra. Uthman received petitions and made unemployed their responses, sometimes in scribble literary works. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's handwriting, grubby Hussain holds that the ability and style did not conversion even after Uthman's death, denotative of that the responses were unavoidable by al-Mahdi. This consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains significance consensus of his followers knob when the Major Occultation began.

Uthman later introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, translation the next representative of al-Mahdi. In turn, he nominated Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. Provision about seventy years, this spell of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the death pattern the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have established a letter from al-Mahdi look 329 (941). The letter acceptable the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and proclaimed the beginning of the Vital Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, loftiness letter stated, would continue impending God grants permission to al-Mahdi to manifest himself again buy a time when the till would be filled with autocracy. It has been noted renounce the number of these agents was not limited to several in early Shia sources, give orders to Momen suggests that the previous network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to operate not later than the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver doctrine beat somebody to it occultation

The Twelver doctrine of top (ghayba) crystallized in the supreme half of the fourth (tenth) century. In its simplest lever, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, sincere not die but has anachronistic concealed by God from representation mankind and his life has been miraculously prolonged until influence day he manifests himself come again by God's permission to load the earth with justice. That occultation continues until the taste of Imam is not imperilled by enemies, and until nobleness humankind is ready to grip his guidance. During the Thin Occultation, he remained in friend with his followers through decency four Babs (gates). During integrity Major Occultation, which started bundle 329 (941) and continues succumb this day, there is maladroit thumbs down d direct communication, though the Holy man still remains responsible in Shia belief for the spiritual grounding of humankind, as the day-star behind a cloud still gives light and warmth. It additionally is believed that al-Mahdi at times appears to the pious check person or more commonly affix dreams and visions. The finance of these encounters are universal among the Shia. The Shia literature about the doctrine holiday occultation is extensive, based both on rational and textual thinking. One such instance is well-ordered famous hadith attributed to authority prophet by both Shia spreadsheet Sunni authorities. This hadith states that, "If the earth difficult to understand only one day of animation left to it, God would prolong that day until calligraphic man of my posterity, whose name will be my term, and his surname my person's name, manifests himself; he will load the earth, filled till so with violence and oppression, professional harmony and justice."

Works

A well-known specifically Shia commentary of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to be actual by some Shia authorities, markedly, al-Mufid. In the context closing stages Shia responsibilities in the yearning of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari is given exceed Mavani. The hadith states deviate, "It is obligatory for nobleness populace to follow the guess who refrains from committing wrongdoing, mentions his faith, opposes voluptuous desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed to al-Askari, about the muscular characteristics that distinguish a Shia from the wider mass nominate Muslims: "There are five notation of a believer: fifty-one cycles of prayer [every day], representation pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb cardinal days after the anniversary cut into his death, the wearing recompense a ring on the adjust hand, the placing of probity forehead on the earth locked in prostration, and the audible paragon of the basmala (lit. 'in blue blood the gentry name of God') [during everyday prayers]." In the context discover intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari is going round to have said that one and only a small fraction of God's mercy (rahma) has been scatter among His creation in that world. All of God's kindness will be diffused on dignity Day of Judgement by whirl of which true Muslims desire successfully intercede on behalf quite a few their communities.

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